Training Cluster Design at 10k GPUs

Design a cluster for training frontier models is the prompt that tests whether a candidate can hold hardware, network, storage, scheduling and reliability in one head at once. The answer is a bill of materials with a reason for every line: how many GPUs and why, how they are grouped into pods, how the fabric connects the pods and what it costs a collective to cross one, how much storage bandwidth the checkpoints and the data loader need, how power and cooling bound the whole thing, and how the failure statistics set the spare pool and the checkpoint cadence. This page derives each line for a 10,240-GPU cluster.